Research Network Working Paper, 404. Does geography explain differences in economic growth in Peru? / Javier Escobal 

Público ISBD Título de serie: Research Network Working Paper, 404 Título : Does geography explain differences in economic growth in Peru? Tipo de documento: texto impreso Autores: Javier Escobal ; Máximo Torero Editorial: Washington : Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo Fecha de publicación: 2000 Número de páginas: 64 p Idioma : Inglés Temas: BANCO INTERAMERICANO DE DESARROLLO CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO GEOGRAFIA PERU Clasificación: 338.9 Resumen: In Peru, a country with an astonishing variety of different ecological areas, including 84 different climate zones and landscapes, with rainforests, high mountain ranges and dry deserts, the geographical context may not be all that matters, but it could be very significant in explaining regional variations in income and welfare. The major question this paper tries to answer is: what role do geographic variables, both natural and manmade, play in explaining per capita expenditure differentials across regions within Peru? How have these influences changed over time, through what channels have they been transmitted, and has access to private and public assets compensated for the effects of an adverse geography? We have shown that what seem to be sizable geographic differences in living standards in Peru can be almost fully explained when one takes into account the spatial concentration of households with readily observable non-geographic characteristics, in particular public and private assets. In other words, the same observationally equivalent household has a similar expenditure level in one place as another with different geographic characteristics such as altitude or temperature. This does not mean, however that geography is not important but that its influence on expenditure level and growth differential comes about through a spatially uneven provision of public infrastructure. Furthermore, when we measured the expected gain (or loss) in consumption from living in one geographic region (i.e., coast) as opposed to living in another (i.e., highlands), we found that most of the difference in log per-capita expenditure between the highland and the coast can be accounted for by the differences in infrastructure endowments and private assets. This could be an indication that the availability of infrastructure could be limited by the geography and therefore the more adverse geographic regions are the ones with less access to public infrastructure. It is important to note that there appear to be non-geographic, spatially correlated, omitted variables that need to be taken into account in our expenditure growth model. Therefore policy programs that use regional targeting do have a rationale even if geographic variables do not explain the bulk of the difference in regional growth, once we have taken into account differentials in access to private and public assets. En línea: http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=788032 Enlace permanente a este registro: https://opac.um.edu.uy/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=72899 Research Network Working Paper, 404. Does geography explain differences in economic growth in Peru? [texto impreso] / Javier Escobal ; Máximo Torero . - Washington : Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 2000 . - 64 p. Idioma : Inglés Temas: BANCO INTERAMERICANO DE DESARROLLO CRECIMIENTO ECONOMICO GEOGRAFIA PERU Clasificación: 338.9 Resumen: In Peru, a country with an astonishing variety of different ecological areas, including 84 different climate zones and landscapes, with rainforests, high mountain ranges and dry deserts, the geographical context may not be all that matters, but it could be very significant in explaining regional variations in income and welfare. The major question this paper tries to answer is: what role do geographic variables, both natural and manmade, play in explaining per capita expenditure differentials across regions within Peru? How have these influences changed over time, through what channels have they been transmitted, and has access to private and public assets compensated for the effects of an adverse geography? We have shown that what seem to be sizable geographic differences in living standards in Peru can be almost fully explained when one takes into account the spatial concentration of households with readily observable non-geographic characteristics, in particular public and private assets. In other words, the same observationally equivalent household has a similar expenditure level in one place as another with different geographic characteristics such as altitude or temperature. This does not mean, however that geography is not important but that its influence on expenditure level and growth differential comes about through a spatially uneven provision of public infrastructure. Furthermore, when we measured the expected gain (or loss) in consumption from living in one geographic region (i.e., coast) as opposed to living in another (i.e., highlands), we found that most of the difference in log per-capita expenditure between the highland and the coast can be accounted for by the differences in infrastructure endowments and private assets. This could be an indication that the availability of infrastructure could be limited by the geography and therefore the more adverse geographic regions are the ones with less access to public infrastructure. It is important to note that there appear to be non-geographic, spatially correlated, omitted variables that need to be taken into account in our expenditure growth model. Therefore policy programs that use regional targeting do have a rationale even if geographic variables do not explain the bulk of the difference in regional growth, once we have taken into account differentials in access to private and public assets. En línea: http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=788032 Enlace permanente a este registro: https://opac.um.edu.uy/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=72899

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038330	338.9 RES v.404	Libro	Colección	Biblioteca Central	Disponible

Research Network Working Paper, 465. Union density changes and union effects On firm performance in Peru / Jaime Saavedra 

Público ISBD Título de serie: Research Network Working Paper, 465 Título : Union density changes and union effects On firm performance in Peru Tipo de documento: texto impreso Autores: Jaime Saavedra ; Máximo Torero Editorial: Washington : Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo Fecha de publicación: 2002 Número de páginas: 41 p Idioma : Inglés Temas: BANCO INTERAMERICANO DE DESARROLLO EMPRESAS MODELOS ECONOMICOS PERU SINDICATOS Clasificación: 338.9 Resumen: The paper documents the sharp reduction in union density in Peru between 1986 and 1998, in a context of large macroeconomic fluctuations, structural reforms and changes in the Collective Bargaining Law in 1993. Using a pseudo panel of household surveys we find which worker and firm characteristics increase the likelihood of unionization in a context in which union density falls sharply. We find that a blue-collar job, a permanent contract, higher education and working in a large firm increase the likelihood of unionization, but only before the legislative change. There is evidence of a breakpoint in the reduction of union density probably related to the 1993 change in the Collective Bargaining Law. Most of the reduction in union density can be explained by within- categories decreases in union density. However, there is a small contribution stemming from the reduction in employment in the highly unionized public sector and from the increase in employment in low union density temporary and small firm employment. Using a panel of firms for the manufacturing sector for the period 1994-1996, we find a negative impact of unions on profits for all firm sizes. Within unionized firms profits are lower the higher the union density within the firm. In the econometric analysis, we find a significant negative effect even after controlling for firm and sector characteristics and firm fixed effects. There is some evidence that this effect diminishes over time, consistent with the reduction in union density during that period, but the reduction is not robust to different specifications. This impact of unions on profits is also negative and significant when we use within-firm union density. Labor productivity is negatively related to having a union in the firm, but the negative effect disappears once we control for firm characteristics. En línea: http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=788091 Enlace permanente a este registro: https://opac.um.edu.uy/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=73012 Research Network Working Paper, 465. Union density changes and union effects On firm performance in Peru [texto impreso] / Jaime Saavedra ; Máximo Torero . - Washington : Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 2002 . - 41 p. Idioma : Inglés Temas: BANCO INTERAMERICANO DE DESARROLLO EMPRESAS MODELOS ECONOMICOS PERU SINDICATOS Clasificación: 338.9 Resumen: The paper documents the sharp reduction in union density in Peru between 1986 and 1998, in a context of large macroeconomic fluctuations, structural reforms and changes in the Collective Bargaining Law in 1993. Using a pseudo panel of household surveys we find which worker and firm characteristics increase the likelihood of unionization in a context in which union density falls sharply. We find that a blue-collar job, a permanent contract, higher education and working in a large firm increase the likelihood of unionization, but only before the legislative change. There is evidence of a breakpoint in the reduction of union density probably related to the 1993 change in the Collective Bargaining Law. Most of the reduction in union density can be explained by within- categories decreases in union density. However, there is a small contribution stemming from the reduction in employment in the highly unionized public sector and from the increase in employment in low union density temporary and small firm employment. Using a panel of firms for the manufacturing sector for the period 1994-1996, we find a negative impact of unions on profits for all firm sizes. Within unionized firms profits are lower the higher the union density within the firm. In the econometric analysis, we find a significant negative effect even after controlling for firm and sector characteristics and firm fixed effects. There is some evidence that this effect diminishes over time, consistent with the reduction in union density during that period, but the reduction is not robust to different specifications. This impact of unions on profits is also negative and significant when we use within-firm union density. Labor productivity is negatively related to having a union in the firm, but the negative effect disappears once we control for firm characteristics. En línea: http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=788091 Enlace permanente a este registro: https://opac.um.edu.uy/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=73012

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038401	338.9 RES v.465	Libro	Colección	Biblioteca Central	Disponible
038403	338.9 RES v.465	Libro	Colección	Biblioteca Central	Disponible

Research Network Working Paper, 481. Peruvian privatization / Máximo Torero 

Público ISBD Título de serie: Research Network Working Paper, 481 Título : Peruvian privatization : impacts on firm performance Tipo de documento: texto impreso Autores: Máximo Torero Editorial: Washington : Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo Fecha de publicación: 2003 Número de páginas: 74 p Idioma : Inglés Temas: BANCO INTERAMERICANO DE DESARROLLO EMPLEO EVALUACION PERU PRIVATIZACION Clasificación: 338.9 Resumen: In the nearly ten years since Peru privatized major State Owned Enterprises (SOEs), the overall impact of the process is not yet clear. This paper analyzes the impact of privatization through a detailed statistical and econometric analysis of first difference (the difference between pre- and post-privatization performance), and second difference (change in performance of privatized firms relative to the change in performance of SOEs) of several indicators on profitability, operating efficiency, employment, leverage and convergence. The results, which showed that privately owned firms are more efficient and more profitable than otherwise comparable state owned firms, were consistent with previous literature. In the case of the most competitive sector, the financial system, the newly privatized banks converged towards the leading private banks over time. While the impact of privatization on employment is negative in the short-run, there are more positive impacts in the long term, especially since SOEs traditionally hire employees for political rather than technical reasons. This paper demonstrates that, as the result of privatization, there is a significant increase in indirect employment through services and significant growth of total employment—both direct and indirect. En línea: http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=788105 Enlace permanente a este registro: https://opac.um.edu.uy/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=72963 Research Network Working Paper, 481. Peruvian privatization : impacts on firm performance [texto impreso] / Máximo Torero . - Washington : Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 2003 . - 74 p. Idioma : Inglés Temas: BANCO INTERAMERICANO DE DESARROLLO EMPLEO EVALUACION PERU PRIVATIZACION Clasificación: 338.9 Resumen: In the nearly ten years since Peru privatized major State Owned Enterprises (SOEs), the overall impact of the process is not yet clear. This paper analyzes the impact of privatization through a detailed statistical and econometric analysis of first difference (the difference between pre- and post-privatization performance), and second difference (change in performance of privatized firms relative to the change in performance of SOEs) of several indicators on profitability, operating efficiency, employment, leverage and convergence. The results, which showed that privately owned firms are more efficient and more profitable than otherwise comparable state owned firms, were consistent with previous literature. In the case of the most competitive sector, the financial system, the newly privatized banks converged towards the leading private banks over time. While the impact of privatization on employment is negative in the short-run, there are more positive impacts in the long term, especially since SOEs traditionally hire employees for political rather than technical reasons. This paper demonstrates that, as the result of privatization, there is a significant increase in indirect employment through services and significant growth of total employment—both direct and indirect. En línea: http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=788105 Enlace permanente a este registro: https://opac.um.edu.uy/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=72963

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038364	338.9 RES v.481	Libro	Colección	Biblioteca Central	Disponible

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